plint

bottle.py (122190B)

---

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
 offers request dispatching (Routes) with url parameter support, templates,
 a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
 template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
 Python Standard Library.
 
 Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/
 
 Copyright (c) 2011, Marcel Hellkamp.
 License: MIT (see LICENSE for details)
 """
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 
 __author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
 __version__ = '0.11.dev'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
 
 # The gevent server adapter needs to patch some modules before they are imported
 # This is why we parse the commandline parameters here but handle them later
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     from optparse import OptionParser
     _cmd_parser = OptionParser(usage="usage: %prog [options] package.module:app")
     _opt = _cmd_parser.add_option
     _opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
     _opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
     _opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
     _opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
     _opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
     _opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
     _cmd_options, _cmd_args = _cmd_parser.parse_args()
     if _cmd_options.server and _cmd_options.server.startswith('gevent'):
         import gevent.monkey; gevent.monkey.patch_all()
 
 import base64, cgi, email.utils, functools, hmac, imp, itertools, mimetypes,\
         os, re, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading, time, urllib, warnings
 
 from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
 from tempfile import TemporaryFile
 from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
 
 try: from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
 except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
     try: from simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
     except ImportError:
         try: from django.utils.simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
         except ImportError:
             def json_dumps(data):
                 raise ImportError("JSON support requires Python 2.6 or simplejson.")
             json_lds = json_dumps
 
 
 
 # We now try to fix 2.5/2.6/3.1/3.2 incompatibilities.
 # It ain't pretty but it works... Sorry for the mess.
 
 py   = sys.version_info
 py3k = py >= (3,0,0)
 py25 = py <  (2,6,0)
 
 # Workaround for the missing "as" keyword in py3k.
 def _e(): return sys.exc_info()[1]
 
 # Workaround for the "print is a keyword/function" dilemma.
 _stdout, _stderr = sys.stdout.write, sys.stderr.write
 
 # Lots of stdlib and builtin differences.
 if py3k:
     import http.client as httplib
     import _thread as thread
     from urllib.parse import urljoin, parse_qsl, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
     from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
     from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
     from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
     import pickle
     from io import BytesIO
     basestring = str
     unicode = str
     json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
     callable = lambda x: hasattr(x, '__call__')
     imap = map
 else: # 2.x
     import httplib
     import thread
     from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
     from urllib import urlencode, quote as urlquote, unquote as urlunquote
     from Cookie import SimpleCookie
     from itertools import imap
     import cPickle as pickle
     from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
     if py25:
         msg = "Python 2.5 support may be dropped in future versions of Bottle."
         warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning)
         from cgi import parse_qsl
         from UserDict import DictMixin
         def next(it): return it.next()
         bytes = str
     else: # 2.6, 2.7
         from urlparse import parse_qsl
         from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
     json_loads = json_lds
 
 # Some helpers for string/byte handling
 def tob(s, enc='utf8'):
     return s.encode(enc) if isinstance(s, unicode) else bytes(s)
 def touni(s, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
     return s.decode(enc, err) if isinstance(s, bytes) else unicode(s)
 tonat = touni if py3k else tob
 
 # 3.2 fixes cgi.FieldStorage to accept bytes (which makes a lot of sense).
 # 3.1 needs a workaround.
 NCTextIOWrapper = None
 if (3,0,0) < py < (3,2,0):
     from io import TextIOWrapper
     class NCTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
         def close(self): pass # Keep wrapped buffer open.
 
 # A bug in functools causes it to break if the wrapper is an instance method
 def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
     try: functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
     except AttributeError: pass
 
 
 
 # These helpers are used at module level and need to be defined first.
 # And yes, I know PEP-8, but sometimes a lower-case classname makes more sense.
 
 def depr(message):
     warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
 
 def makelist(data): # This is just to handy
     if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)): return list(data)
     elif data: return [data]
     else: return []
 
 
 class DictProperty(object):
     ''' Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. '''
     def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
         self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
 
     def __call__(self, func):
         functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
         self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
         return self
 
     def __get__(self, obj, cls):
         if obj is None: return self
         key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
         if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
         return storage[key]
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value):
         if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
         getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
 
     def __delete__(self, obj):
         if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
         del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
 
 
 class cached_property(object):
     ''' A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
         itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
         property. '''
 
     def __init__(self, func):
         self.func = func
 
     def __get__(self, obj, cls):
         if obj is None: return self
         value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
         return value
 
 
 class lazy_attribute(object):
     ''' A property that caches itself to the class object. '''
     def __init__(self, func):
         functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
         self.getter = func
 
     def __get__(self, obj, cls):
         value = self.getter(cls)
         setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
         return value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Exceptions and Events ########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class BottleException(Exception):
     """ A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
     pass
 
 
 #TODO: This should subclass BaseRequest
 class HTTPResponse(BottleException):
     """ Used to break execution and immediately finish the response """
     def __init__(self, output='', status=200, header=None):
         super(BottleException, self).__init__("HTTP Response %d" % status)
         self.status = int(status)
         self.output = output
         self.headers = HeaderDict(header) if header else None
 
     def apply(self, response):
         if self.headers:
             for key, value in self.headers.allitems():
                 response.headers[key] = value
         response.status = self.status
 
 
 class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
     """ Used to generate an error page """
     def __init__(self, code=500, output='Unknown Error', exception=None,
                  traceback=None, header=None):
         super(HTTPError, self).__init__(output, code, header)
         self.exception = exception
         self.traceback = traceback
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return tonat(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=self))
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Routing ######################################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class RouteError(BottleException):
     """ This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
 
 
 class RouteReset(BottleException):
     """ If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all
         plugins are re-applied. """
 
 class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError): pass
 
 
 class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
     """ The route parser found something not supported by this router """
 
 
 class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
     """ The route could not been built """
 
 
 class Router(object):
     ''' A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
         efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
         the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
         usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
         and a HTTP method.
 
         The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
         path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
         and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
     '''
 
     default_pattern = '[^/]+'
     default_filter   = 're'
     #: Sorry for the mess. It works. Trust me.
     rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'\
         '(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'\
           '|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'\
             '(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>]+)+)?)?)?>))')
 
     def __init__(self, strict=False):
         self.rules    = {} # A {rule: Rule} mapping
         self.builder  = {} # A rule/name->build_info mapping
         self.static   = {} # Cache for static routes: {path: {method: target}}
         self.dynamic  = [] # Cache for dynamic routes. See _compile()
         #: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
         self.strict_order = strict
         self.filters = {'re': self.re_filter, 'int': self.int_filter,
                         'float': self.float_filter, 'path': self.path_filter}
 
     def re_filter(self, conf):
         return conf or self.default_pattern, None, None
 
     def int_filter(self, conf):
         return r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))
 
     def float_filter(self, conf):
         return r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))
 
     def path_filter(self, conf):
         return r'.+?', None, None
 
     def add_filter(self, name, func):
         ''' Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
         string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
         The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. '''
         self.filters[name] = func
 
     def parse_rule(self, rule):
         ''' Parses a rule into a (name, filter, conf) token stream. If mode is
             None, name contains a static rule part. '''
         offset, prefix = 0, ''
         for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
             prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
             g = match.groups()
             if len(g[0])%2: # Escaped wildcard
                 prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
                 offset = match.end()
                 continue
             if prefix: yield prefix, None, None
             name, filtr, conf = g[1:4] if not g[2] is None else g[4:7]
             if not filtr: filtr = self.default_filter
             yield name, filtr, conf or None
             offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
         if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
             yield prefix+rule[offset:], None, None
 
     def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
         ''' Add a new route or replace the target for an existing route. '''
         if rule in self.rules:
             self.rules[rule][method] = target
             if name: self.builder[name] = self.builder[rule]
             return
 
         target = self.rules[rule] = {method: target}
 
         # Build pattern and other structures for dynamic routes
         anons = 0      # Number of anonymous wildcards
         pattern = ''   # Regular expression  pattern
         filters = []   # Lists of wildcard input filters
         builder = []   # Data structure for the URL builder
         is_static = True
         for key, mode, conf in self.parse_rule(rule):
             if mode:
                 is_static = False
                 mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
                 if key:
                     pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
                 else:
                     pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
                     key = 'anon%d' % anons; anons += 1
                 if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
                 builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
             elif key:
                 pattern += re.escape(key)
                 builder.append((None, key))
         self.builder[rule] = builder
         if name: self.builder[name] = builder
 
         if is_static and not self.strict_order:
             self.static[self.build(rule)] = target
             return
 
         def fpat_sub(m):
             return m.group(0) if len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:'
         flat_pattern = re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]*>|\((?!\?))', fpat_sub, pattern)
 
         try:
             re_match = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern).match
         except re.error:
             raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, _e()))
 
         def match(path):
             """ Return an url-argument dictionary. """
             url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
             for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
                 try:
                     url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
                 except ValueError:
                     raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
             return url_args
 
         try:
             combined = '%s|(^%s$)' % (self.dynamic[-1][0].pattern, flat_pattern)
             self.dynamic[-1] = (re.compile(combined), self.dynamic[-1][1])
             self.dynamic[-1][1].append((match, target))
         except (AssertionError, IndexError): # AssertionError: Too many groups
             self.dynamic.append((re.compile('(^%s$)' % flat_pattern),
                                 [(match, target)]))
         return match
 
     def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
         ''' Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. '''
         builder = self.builder.get(_name)
         if not builder: raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
         try:
             for i, value in enumerate(anons): query['anon%d'%i] = value
             url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n,f) in builder])
             return url if not query else url+'?'+urlencode(query)
         except KeyError:
             raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % _e().args[0])
 
     def match(self, environ):
         ''' Return a (target, url_agrs) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). '''
         path, targets, urlargs = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/', None, {}
         if path in self.static:
             targets = self.static[path]
         else:
             for combined, rules in self.dynamic:
                 match = combined.match(path)
                 if not match: continue
                 getargs, targets = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
                 urlargs = getargs(path) if getargs else {}
                 break
 
         if not targets:
             raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(environ['PATH_INFO']))
         method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
         if method in targets:
             return targets[method], urlargs
         if method == 'HEAD' and 'GET' in targets:
             return targets['GET'], urlargs
         if 'ANY' in targets:
             return targets['ANY'], urlargs
         allowed = [verb for verb in targets if verb != 'ANY']
         if 'GET' in allowed and 'HEAD' not in allowed:
             allowed.append('HEAD')
         raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.",
                         header=[('Allow',",".join(allowed))])
 
 
 class Route(object):
     ''' This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
         configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
         turing an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
     '''
 
     def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback, name=None,
                  plugins=None, skiplist=None, **config):
         #: The application this route is installed to.
         self.app = app
         #: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/:page``).
         self.rule = rule
         #: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
         self.method = method
         #: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
         self.callback = callback
         #: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
         self.name = name or None
         #: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
         self.plugins = plugins or []
         #: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
         self.skiplist = skiplist or []
         #: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
         #: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
         #: plugin configuration and meta-data.
         self.config = ConfigDict(config)
 
     def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
         depr("Some APIs changed to return Route() instances instead of"\
              " callables. Make sure to use the Route.call method and not to"\
              " call Route instances directly.")
         return self.call(*a, **ka)
 
     @cached_property
     def call(self):
         ''' The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
             created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests.'''
         return self._make_callback()
 
     def reset(self):
         ''' Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
             all plugins are re-applied. '''
         self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
 
     def prepare(self):
         ''' Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging).'''
         self.call
 
     @property
     def _context(self):
         depr('Switch to Plugin API v2 and access the Route object directly.')
         return dict(rule=self.rule, method=self.method, callback=self.callback,
                     name=self.name, app=self.app, config=self.config,
                     apply=self.plugins, skip=self.skiplist)
 
     def all_plugins(self):
         ''' Yield all Plugins affecting this route. '''
         unique = set()
         for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
             if True in self.skiplist: break
             name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
             if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
             if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
             if name: unique.add(name)
             yield p
 
     def _make_callback(self):
         callback = self.callback
         for plugin in self.all_plugins():
             try:
                 if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
                     api = getattr(plugin, 'api', 1)
                     context = self if api > 1 else self._context
                     callback = plugin.apply(callback, context)
                 else:
                     callback = plugin(callback)
             except RouteReset: # Try again with changed configuration.
                 return self._make_callback()
             if not callback is self.callback:
                 update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
         return callback
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<%s %r %r>' % (self.method, self.rule, self.callback)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Application Object ###########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class Bottle(object):
     """ Each Bottle object represents a single, distinct web application and
         consists of routes, callbacks, plugins and configuration. Instances are
         callable WSGI applications. """
 
     def __init__(self, catchall=True, autojson=True, config=None):
         self.routes = [] # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
         self.router = Router() # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
         self.plugins = [] # List of installed plugins.
 
         self.error_handler = {}
         self.config = ConfigDict(config or {})
         #: If true, most exceptions are catched and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
         self.catchall = catchall
         #: An instance of :class:`HooksPlugin`. Empty by default.
         self.hooks = HooksPlugin()
         self.install(self.hooks)
         if autojson:
             self.install(JSONPlugin())
         self.install(TemplatePlugin())
 
     def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
         ''' Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
             URL prefix. Example::
 
                 root_app.mount('/admin/', admin_app)
 
             :param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`. If it ends in a slash,
                 that slash is mandatory.
             :param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
 
             All other parameters are passed to the underlying :meth:`route` call.
         '''
         if isinstance(app, basestring):
             prefix, app = app, prefix
             depr('Parameter order of Bottle.mount() changed.') # 0.10
 
         parts = [p for p in prefix.split('/') if p]
         if not parts: raise ValueError('Empty path prefix.')
         path_depth = len(parts)
         options.setdefault('skip', True)
         options.setdefault('method', 'ANY')
 
         @self.route('/%s/:#.*#' % '/'.join(parts), **options)
         def mountpoint():
             try:
                 request.path_shift(path_depth)
                 rs = BaseResponse([], 200)
                 def start_response(status, header):
                     rs.status = status
                     for name, value in header: rs.add_header(name, value)
                     return rs.body.append
                 rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, app(request.environ, start_response))
                 return HTTPResponse(rs.body, rs.status_code, rs.headers)
             finally:
                 request.path_shift(-path_depth)
 
         if not prefix.endswith('/'):
             self.route('/' + '/'.join(parts), callback=mountpoint, **options)
 
     def merge(self, routes):
         ''' Merge the routes of another :cls:`Bottle` application or a list of
             :class:`Route` objects into this application. The routes keep their
             'owner', meaning that the :data:`Route.app` attribute is not
             changed. '''
         if isinstance(routes, Bottle):
             routes = routes.routes
         for route in routes:
             self.add_route(route)
 
     def install(self, plugin):
         ''' Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
             applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
             decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
         '''
         if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
         if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
             raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
         self.plugins.append(plugin)
         self.reset()
         return plugin
 
     def uninstall(self, plugin):
         ''' Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
             object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
             all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
             plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. '''
         removed, remove = [], plugin
         for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
             if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
             or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
                 removed.append(plugin)
                 del self.plugins[i]
                 if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
         if removed: self.reset()
         return removed
 
     def run(self, **kwargs):
         ''' Calls :func:`run` with the same parameters. '''
         run(self, **kwargs)
 
     def reset(self, route=None):
         ''' Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
             caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
             is affected. '''
         if route is None: routes = self.routes
         elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
         else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
         for route in routes: route.reset()
         if DEBUG:
             for route in routes: route.prepare()
         self.hooks.trigger('app_reset')
 
     def close(self):
         ''' Close the application and all installed plugins. '''
         for plugin in self.plugins:
             if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
         self.stopped = True
 
     def match(self, environ):
         """ Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route` , urlargs)
             tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
             from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
         return self.router.match(environ)
 
     def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
         """ Return a string that matches a named route """
         scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
         location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
         return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
 
     def add_route(self, route):
         ''' Add a route object, but do not change the :data:`Route.app`
             attribute.'''
         self.routes.append(route)
         self.router.add(route.rule, route.method, route, name=route.name)
         if DEBUG: route.prepare()
 
     def route(self, path=None, method='GET', callback=None, name=None,
               apply=None, skip=None, **config):
         """ A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
 
                 @app.route('/hello/:name')
                 def hello(name):
                     return 'Hello %s' % name
 
             The ``:name`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
             details.
 
             :param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
               path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
               signature of the function.
             :param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
               methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
             :param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
               syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
             :param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
             :param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
               applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
             :param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
               plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
 
             Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
             configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
         """
         if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
         plugins = makelist(apply)
         skiplist = makelist(skip)
         def decorator(callback):
             # TODO: Documentation and test_data
             if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
             for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
                 for verb in makelist(method):
                     verb = verb.upper()
                     route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback, name=name,
                                   plugins=plugins, skiplist=skiplist, **config)
                     self.add_route(route)
             return callback
         return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
 
     def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
         """ Equals :meth:`route`. """
         return self.route(path, method, **options)
 
     def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
         """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
         return self.route(path, method, **options)
 
     def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
         """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
         return self.route(path, method, **options)
 
     def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
         """ Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
         return self.route(path, method, **options)
 
     def error(self, code=500):
         """ Decorator: Register an output handler for a HTTP error code"""
         def wrapper(handler):
             self.error_handler[int(code)] = handler
             return handler
         return wrapper
 
     def hook(self, name):
         """ Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. Three hooks
             are currently implemented:
 
             - before_request: Executed once before each request
             - after_request: Executed once after each request
             - app_reset: Called whenever :meth:`reset` is called.
         """
         def wrapper(func):
             self.hooks.add(name, func)
             return func
         return wrapper
 
     def handle(self, path, method='GET'):
         """ (deprecated) Execute the first matching route callback and return
             the result. :exc:`HTTPResponse` exceptions are catched and returned.
             If :attr:`Bottle.catchall` is true, other exceptions are catched as
             well and returned as :exc:`HTTPError` instances (500).
         """
         depr("This method will change semantics in 0.10. Try to avoid it.")
         if isinstance(path, dict):
             return self._handle(path)
         return self._handle({'PATH_INFO': path, 'REQUEST_METHOD': method.upper()})
 
     def _handle(self, environ):
         try:
             environ['bottle.app'] = self
             request.bind(environ)
             response.bind()
             route, args = self.router.match(environ)
             environ['route.handle'] = environ['bottle.route'] = route
             environ['route.url_args'] = args
             return route.call(**args)
         except HTTPResponse:
             return _e()
         except RouteReset:
             route.reset()
             return self._handle(environ)
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
             raise
         except Exception:
             if not self.catchall: raise
             stacktrace = format_exc(10)
             environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
             return HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", _e(), stacktrace)
 
     def _cast(self, out, peek=None):
         """ Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
         correct HTTP headers when possible.
         Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
         iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes
         """
 
         # Empty output is done here
         if not out:
             response['Content-Length'] = 0
             return []
         # Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
         if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
         and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)):
             out = out[0][0:0].join(out) # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
         # Encode unicode strings
         if isinstance(out, unicode):
             out = out.encode(response.charset)
         # Byte Strings are just returned
         if isinstance(out, bytes):
             response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
             return [out]
         # HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
         # TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
         if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
             out.apply(response)
             out = self.error_handler.get(out.status, repr)(out)
             if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
                 depr('Error handlers must not return :exc:`HTTPResponse`.') #0.9
             return self._cast(out)
         if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
             out.apply(response)
             return self._cast(out.output)
 
         # File-like objects.
         if hasattr(out, 'read'):
             if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
                 return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
             elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
                 return WSGIFileWrapper(out)
 
         # Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
         try:
             out = iter(out)
             first = next(out)
             while not first:
                 first = next(out)
         except StopIteration:
             return self._cast('')
         except HTTPResponse:
             first = _e()
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
             raise
         except Exception:
             if not self.catchall: raise
             first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', _e(), format_exc(10))
 
         # These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
         if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
             return self._cast(first)
         if isinstance(first, bytes):
             return itertools.chain([first], out)
         if isinstance(first, unicode):
             return imap(lambda x: x.encode(response.charset),
                                   itertools.chain([first], out))
         return self._cast(HTTPError(500, 'Unsupported response type: %s'\
                                          % type(first)))
 
     def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
         """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
         try:
             out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
             # rfc2616 section 4.3
             if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
             or request.method == 'HEAD':
                 if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
                 out = []
             if isinstance(response._status_line, unicode):
               response._status_line = str(response._status_line)
             start_response(response._status_line, list(response.iter_headers()))
             return out
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
             raise
         except Exception:
             if not self.catchall: raise
             err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
                   % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
             if DEBUG:
                 err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                        '<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
                        % (html_escape(repr(_e())), html_escape(format_exc(10)))
             environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
             headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
             start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers)
             return [tob(err)]
 
     def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
         ''' Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. '''
         return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class BaseRequest(object):
     """ A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
         convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only."""
 
     #: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
     MEMFILE_MAX = 102400
     #: Maximum number pr GET or POST parameters per request
     MAX_PARAMS  = 100
 
     def __init__(self, environ):
         """ Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
         #: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
         #: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
         self.environ = environ
         environ['bottle.request'] = self
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.app', read_only=True)
     def app(self):
         ''' Bottle application handling this request. '''
         raise AttributeError('This request is not connected to an application.')
 
     @property
     def path(self):
         ''' The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
             broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). '''
         return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO','').lstrip('/')
 
     @property
     def method(self):
         ''' The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. '''
         return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
     def headers(self):
         ''' A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
             HTTP request headers. '''
         return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)
 
     def get_header(self, name, default=None):
         ''' Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. '''
         return self.headers.get(name, default)
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
     def cookies(self):
         """ Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
             decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
         cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE',''))
         cookies = list(cookies.values())[:self.MAX_PARAMS]
         return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)
 
     def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None):
         """ Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
             `secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
             :meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing
             cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
         value = self.cookies.get(key)
         if secret and value:
             dec = cookie_decode(value, secret) # (key, value) tuple or None
             return dec[1] if dec and dec[0] == key else default
         return value or default
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
     def query(self):
         ''' The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
             values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
             not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
             :class:`Router`. '''
         pairs = parse_qsl(self.query_string, keep_blank_values=True)
         get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
         for key, value in pairs[:self.MAX_PARAMS]:
             get[key] = value
         return get
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
     def forms(self):
         """ Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
             encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is retuned as a
             :class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
             are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
         forms = FormsDict()
         for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
             if not hasattr(item, 'filename'):
                 forms[name] = item
         return forms
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
     def params(self):
         """ A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
             :attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
         params = FormsDict()
         for key, value in self.query.allitems():
             params[key] = value
         for key, value in self.forms.allitems():
             params[key] = value
         return params
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
     def files(self):
         """ File uploads parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
             encoded POST or PUT request body. The values are instances of
             :class:`cgi.FieldStorage`. The most important attributes are:
 
             filename
                 The filename, if specified; otherwise None; this is the client
                 side filename, *not* the file name on which it is stored (that's
                 a temporary file you don't deal with)
             file
                 The file(-like) object from which you can read the data.
             value
                 The value as a *string*; for file uploads, this transparently
                 reads the file every time you request the value. Do not do this
                 on big files.
         """
         files = FormsDict()
         for name, item in self.POST.allitems():
             if hasattr(item, 'filename'):
                 files[name] = item
         return files
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
     def json(self):
         ''' If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json``, this
             property holds the parsed content of the request body. Only requests
             smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX` are processed to avoid memory
             exhaustion. '''
         if 'application/json' in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '') \
         and 0 < self.content_length < self.MEMFILE_MAX:
             return json_loads(self.body.read(self.MEMFILE_MAX))
         return None
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
     def _body(self):
         maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
         stream = self.environ['wsgi.input']
         body = BytesIO() if maxread < self.MEMFILE_MAX else TemporaryFile(mode='w+b')
         while maxread > 0:
             part = stream.read(min(maxread, self.MEMFILE_MAX))
             if not part: break
             body.write(part)
             maxread -= len(part)
         self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
         body.seek(0)
         return body
 
     @property
     def body(self):
         """ The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
             :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
             :class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
             time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
             Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
         self._body.seek(0)
         return self._body
 
     #: An alias for :attr:`query`.
     GET = query
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
     def POST(self):
         """ The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
             :class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
             instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads).
         """
         post = FormsDict()
         safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING':''} # Build a safe environment for cgi
         for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
             if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key]
         if NCTextIOWrapper:
             fb = NCTextIOWrapper(self.body, encoding='ISO-8859-1', newline='\n')
         else:
             fb = self.body
         data = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=fb, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True)
         for item in (data.list or [])[:self.MAX_PARAMS]:
             post[item.name] = item if item.filename else item.value
         return post
 
     @property
     def COOKIES(self):
         ''' Alias for :attr:`cookies` (deprecated). '''
         depr('BaseRequest.COOKIES was renamed to BaseRequest.cookies (lowercase).')
         return self.cookies
 
     @property
     def url(self):
         """ The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
             lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
             results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
             correctly. """
         return self.urlparts.geturl()
 
     @DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
     def urlparts(self):
         ''' The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
             The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
             but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
             server. '''
         env = self.environ
         http = env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
         host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
         if not host:
             # HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
             host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
             port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
             if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
                 host += ':' + port
         path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
         return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')
 
     @property
     def fullpath(self):
         """ Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
         return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))
 
     @property
     def query_string(self):
         """ The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
             and ``#``) as a string. """
         return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
 
     @property
     def script_name(self):
         ''' The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
             level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
             called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
             slashes. '''
         script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
         return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'
 
     def path_shift(self, shift=1):
         ''' Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
             vice versa.
 
            :param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
                          to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
         '''
         script = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME','/')
         self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = path_shift(script, self.path, shift)
 
     @property
     def content_length(self):
         ''' The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
             set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
             and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. '''
         return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)
 
     @property
     def is_xhr(self):
         ''' True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
             works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
             header (most of the popular libraries do). '''
         requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH','')
         return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'
 
     @property
     def is_ajax(self):
         ''' Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. '''
         return self.is_xhr
 
     @property
     def auth(self):
         """ HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
             implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
             only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
             front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
             the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
             variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
         basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION',''))
         if basic: return basic
         ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
         if ruser: return (ruser, None)
         return None
 
     @property
     def remote_route(self):
         """ A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
             the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
             work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
             that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
         proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
         if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
         remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
         return [remote] if remote else []
 
     @property
     def remote_addr(self):
         """ The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
             by malicious clients. """
         route = self.remote_route
         return route[0] if route else None
 
     def copy(self):
         """ Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
         return Request(self.environ.copy())
 
     def get(self, value, default=None): return self.environ.get(value, default)
     def __getitem__(self, key): return self.environ[key]
     def __delitem__(self, key): self[key] = ""; del(self.environ[key])
     def __iter__(self): return iter(self.environ)
     def __len__(self): return len(self.environ)
     def keys(self): return self.environ.keys()
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
         """ Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """
 
         if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
             raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')
 
         self.environ[key] = value
         todelete = ()
 
         if key == 'wsgi.input':
             todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
         elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
             todelete = ('query', 'params')
         elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
             todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')
 
         for key in todelete:
             self.environ.pop('bottle.request.'+key, None)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)
 
 def _hkey(s):
     return s.title().replace('_','-')
 
 
 class HeaderProperty(object):
     def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=str, default=''):
         self.name, self.reader, self.writer, self.default = name, reader, writer, default
         self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()
 
     def __get__(self, obj, cls):
         if obj is None: return self
         value = obj.headers.get(self.name)
         return self.reader(value) if (value and self.reader) else (value or self.default)
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value):
         if self.writer: value = self.writer(value)
         obj.headers[self.name] = value
 
     def __delete__(self, obj):
         if self.name in obj.headers:
             del obj.headers[self.name]
 
 
 class BaseResponse(object):
     """ Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.
 
         This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
         headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
         yields parts of the body and not the headers.
     """
 
     default_status = 200
     default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
 
     # Header blacklist for specific response codes
     # (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
     bad_headers = {
         204: set(('Content-Type',)),
         304: set(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
                   'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
                   'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))}
 
     def __init__(self, body='', status=None, **headers):
         self._status_line = None
         self._status_code = None
         self._cookies = None
         self._headers = {'Content-Type': [self.default_content_type]}
         self.body = body
         self.status = status or self.default_status
         if headers:
             for name, value in headers.items():
                 self[name] = value
 
     def copy(self):
         ''' Returns a copy of self. '''
         copy = Response()
         copy.status = self.status
         copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
         return copy
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.body)
 
     def close(self):
         if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
             self.body.close()
 
     @property
     def status_line(self):
         ''' The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``).'''
         return self._status_line
 
     @property
     def status_code(self):
         ''' The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404).'''
         return self._status_code
 
     def _set_status(self, status):
         if isinstance(status, int):
             code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
         elif ' ' in status:
             status = status.strip()
             code   = int(status.split()[0])
         else:
             raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
         if not 100 <= code <= 999: raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
         self._status_code = code
         self._status_line = status or ('%d Unknown' % code)
 
     def _get_status(self):
         return self._status_line
 
     status = property(_get_status, _set_status, None,
         ''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
             either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
             phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
             :data:`status_code` are updated accordingly. The return value is
             always a status string. ''')
     del _get_status, _set_status
 
     @property
     def headers(self):
         ''' An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
             view on the response headers. '''
         self.__dict__['headers'] = hdict = HeaderDict()
         hdict.dict = self._headers
         return hdict
 
     def __contains__(self, name): return _hkey(name) in self._headers
     def __delitem__(self, name):  del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
     def __getitem__(self, name):  return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
     def __setitem__(self, name, value): self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [str(value)]
 
     def get_header(self, name, default=None):
         ''' Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
             header with that name, return a default value. '''
         return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]
 
     def set_header(self, name, value, append=False):
         ''' Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
             headers with the same name. '''
         if append:
             self.add_header(name, value)
         else:
             self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [str(value)]
 
     def add_header(self, name, value):
         ''' Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. '''
         self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(str(value))
 
     def iter_headers(self):
         ''' Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
             allowed with the current response status code. '''
         headers = self._headers.items()
         bad_headers = self.bad_headers.get(self._status_code)
         if bad_headers:
             headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
         for name, values in headers:
             for value in values:
                 yield name, value
         if self._cookies:
             for c in self._cookies.values():
                 yield 'Set-Cookie', c.OutputString()
 
     def wsgiheader(self):
         depr('The wsgiheader method is deprecated. See headerlist.') #0.10
         return self.headerlist
 
     @property
     def headerlist(self):
         ''' WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. '''
         return list(self.iter_headers())
 
     content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
     content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int)
 
     @property
     def charset(self):
         """ Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
         if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
             return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
         return 'UTF-8'
 
     @property
     def COOKIES(self):
         """ A dict-like SimpleCookie instance. This should not be used directly.
             See :meth:`set_cookie`. """
         depr('The COOKIES dict is deprecated. Use `set_cookie()` instead.') # 0.10
         if not self._cookies:
             self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
         return self._cookies
 
     def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, **options):
         ''' Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
             set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).
 
             :param name: the name of the cookie.
             :param value: the value of the cookie.
             :param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.
 
             Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
             supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:
 
             :param max_age: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
             :param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
             :param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
               (default: current domain)
             :param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
             :param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
             :param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
               (default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).
 
             If neither `expires` nor `max_age` is set (default), the cookie will
             expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
             window is closed).
 
             Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
             cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
             cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.
 
             Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
             the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
             cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
             save, not to store secret information at client side.
         '''
         if not self._cookies:
             self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
 
         if secret:
             value = touni(cookie_encode((name, value), secret))
         elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
             raise TypeError('Secret key missing for non-string Cookie.')
 
         if len(value) > 4096: raise ValueError('Cookie value to long.')
         self._cookies[name] = value
 
         for key, value in options.items():
             if key == 'max_age':
                 if isinstance(value, timedelta):
                     value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
             if key == 'expires':
                 if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
                     value = value.timetuple()
                 elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
                     value = time.gmtime(value)
                 value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
             self._cookies[name][key.replace('_', '-')] = value
 
     def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
         ''' Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
             settings as used to create the cookie. '''
         kwargs['max_age'] = -1
         kwargs['expires'] = 0
         self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         out = ''
         for name, value in self.headerlist:
             out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
         return out
 
 #: Thread-local storage for :class:`LocalRequest` and :class:`LocalResponse`
 #: attributes.
 _lctx = threading.local()
 
 def local_property(name, doc=None):
 
     return property(
         lambda self: getattr(_lctx, name),
         lambda self, value: setattr(_lctx, name, value),
         lambda self: delattr(_lctx, name),
         doc or ('Thread-local property stored in :data:`_lctx.%s` ' % name)
     )
 
 class LocalRequest(BaseRequest):
     ''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest` with a different
         set of attribues for each thread. There is usually only one global
         instance of this class (:data:`request`). If accessed during a
         request/response cycle, this instance always refers to the *current*
         request (even on a multithreaded server). '''
     def __init__(self): pass
     bind = BaseRequest.__init__
     environ = local_property('request_environ')
 
 
 class LocalResponse(BaseResponse):
     ''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse` with a different
         set of attribues for each thread. There is usually only one global
         instance of this class (:data:`response`). Its attributes are used
         to build the HTTP response at the end of the request/response cycle.
     '''
     def __init__(self): pass
     bind = BaseResponse.__init__
     _status_line = local_property('response_status_line')
     _status_code = local_property('response_status_code')
     _cookies     = local_property('response_cookies')
     _headers     = local_property('response_headers')
     body         = local_property('response_body')
 
 Response = LocalResponse # BC 0.9
 Request  = LocalRequest  # BC 0.9
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Plugins ######################################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 class PluginError(BottleException): pass
 
 class JSONPlugin(object):
     name = 'json'
     api  = 2
 
     def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
         self.json_dumps = json_dumps
 
     def apply(self, callback, context):
         dumps = self.json_dumps
         if not dumps: return callback
         def wrapper(*a, **ka):
             rv = callback(*a, **ka)
             if isinstance(rv, dict):
                 #Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
                 json_response = dumps(rv)
                 #Set content type only if serialization succesful
                 response.content_type = 'application/json'
                 return json_response
             return rv
         return wrapper
 
 
 class HooksPlugin(object):
     name = 'hooks'
     api  = 2
 
     _names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset'
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.hooks = dict((name, []) for name in self._names)
         self.app = None
 
     def _empty(self):
         return not (self.hooks['before_request'] or self.hooks['after_request'])
 
     def setup(self, app):
         self.app = app
 
     def add(self, name, func):
         ''' Attach a callback to a hook. '''
         was_empty = self._empty()
         self.hooks.setdefault(name, []).append(func)
         if self.app and was_empty and not self._empty(): self.app.reset()
 
     def remove(self, name, func):
         ''' Remove a callback from a hook. '''
         was_empty = self._empty()
         if name in self.hooks and func in self.hooks[name]:
             self.hooks[name].remove(func)
         if self.app and not was_empty and self._empty(): self.app.reset()
 
     def trigger(self, name, *a, **ka):
         ''' Trigger a hook and return a list of results. '''
         hooks = self.hooks[name]
         if ka.pop('reversed', False): hooks = hooks[::-1]
         return [hook(*a, **ka) for hook in hooks]
 
     def apply(self, callback, context):
         if self._empty(): return callback
         def wrapper(*a, **ka):
             self.trigger('before_request')
             rv = callback(*a, **ka)
             self.trigger('after_request', reversed=True)
             return rv
         return wrapper
 
 
 class TemplatePlugin(object):
     ''' This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
         `template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
         element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
         or default variables for the template. '''
     name = 'template'
     api  = 2
 
     def apply(self, callback, route):
         conf = route.config.get('template')
         if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
             return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
         elif isinstance(conf, str) and 'template_opts' in route.config:
             depr('The `template_opts` parameter is deprecated.') #0.9
             return view(conf, **route.config['template_opts'])(callback)
         elif isinstance(conf, str):
             return view(conf)(callback)
         else:
             return callback
 
 
 #: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
 class _ImportRedirect(object):
     def __init__(self, name, impmask):
         ''' Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). '''
         self.name = name
         self.impmask = impmask
         self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name))
         self.module.__dict__.update({'__file__': __file__, '__path__': [],
                                     '__all__': [], '__loader__': self})
         sys.meta_path.append(self)
 
     def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
         if '.' not in fullname: return
         packname, modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
         if packname != self.name: return
         return self
 
     def load_module(self, fullname):
         if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
         packname, modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
         realname = self.impmask % modname
         __import__(realname)
         module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
         setattr(self.module, modname, module)
         module.__loader__ = self
         return module
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Common Utilities #############################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class MultiDict(DictMixin):
     """ This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
         normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
         There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *a, **k):
         self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for (k, v) in dict(*a, **k).items())
 
     def __len__(self): return len(self.dict)
     def __iter__(self): return iter(self.dict)
     def __contains__(self, key): return key in self.dict
     def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[key]
     def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[key][-1]
     def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.append(key, value)
     def keys(self): return self.dict.keys()
 
     if py3k:
         def values(self): return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.values())
         def items(self): return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items())
         def allitems(self):
             return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.items() for v in vl)
         iterkeys = keys
         itervalues = values
         iteritems = items
         iterallitems = allitems
 
     else:
         def values(self): return [v[-1] for v in self.dict.values()]
         def items(self): return [(k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.items()]
         def iterkeys(self): return self.dict.iterkeys()
         def itervalues(self): return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues())
         def iteritems(self):
             return ((k, v[-1]) for k, v in self.dict.iteritems())
         def iterallitems(self):
             return ((k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl)
         def allitems(self):
             return [(k, v) for k, vl in self.dict.iteritems() for v in vl]
 
     def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
         ''' Return the most recent value for a key.
 
             :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
                    present or the type conversion fails.
             :param index: An index for the list of available values.
             :param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
                     into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
                     the default value to be returned.
         '''
         try:
             val = self.dict[key][index]
             return type(val) if type else val
         except Exception:
             pass
         return default
 
     def append(self, key, value):
         ''' Add a new value to the list of values for this key. '''
         self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
 
     def replace(self, key, value):
         ''' Replace the list of values with a single value. '''
         self.dict[key] = [value]
 
     def getall(self, key):
         ''' Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. '''
         return self.dict.get(key) or []
 
     #: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
     getone = get
     getlist = getall
 
 
 
 class FormsDict(MultiDict):
     ''' This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
         Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return
         unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports
         attribute-like access to its values. Attributes are automatically de-
         or recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing
         attributes default to an empty string. '''
 
     #: Encoding used for attribute values.
     input_encoding = 'utf8'
     #: If true (default), unicode strings are first encoded with `latin1`
     #: and then decoded to match :attr:`input_encoding`.
     recode_unicode = True
 
     def _fix(self, s, encoding=None):
         if isinstance(s, unicode) and self.recode_unicode: # Python 3 WSGI
             s = s.encode('latin1')
         if isinstance(s, bytes): # Python 2 WSGI
             return s.decode(encoding or self.input_encoding)
         return s
 
     def decode(self, encoding=None):
         ''' Returns a copy with all keys and values de- or recoded to match
             :attr:`input_encoding`. Some libraries (e.g. WTForms) want a
             unicode dictionary. '''
         copy = FormsDict()
         enc = copy.input_encoding = encoding or self.input_encoding
         copy.recode_unicode = False
         for key, value in self.allitems():
             copy.append(self._fix(key, enc), self._fix(value, enc))
         return copy
 
     def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
         try:
             return self._fix(self[name], encoding)
         except (UnicodeError, KeyError):
             return default
 
     def __getattr__(self, name, default=unicode()):
         return self.getunicode(name, default=default)
 
 
 class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
     """ A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
         replace the old value instead of appending it. """
 
     def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
         self.dict = {}
         if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)
 
     def __contains__(self, key): return _hkey(key) in self.dict
     def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
     def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
     def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [str(value)]
     def append(self, key, value):
         self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(str(value))
     def replace(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [str(value)]
     def getall(self, key): return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
     def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
         return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
     def filter(self, names):
         for name in [_hkey(n) for n in names]:
             if name in self.dict:
                 del self.dict[name]
 
 
 class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
     ''' This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
         access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings
         (2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI
         environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded
         using a lossless 'latin1' character set.
 
         The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs.
         Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one
         that uses non-native strings.)
     '''
     #: List of keys that do not have a 'HTTP_' prefix.
     cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')
 
     def __init__(self, environ):
         self.environ = environ
 
     def _ekey(self, key):
         ''' Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. '''
         key = key.replace('-','_').upper()
         if key in self.cgikeys:
             return key
         return 'HTTP_' + key
 
     def raw(self, key, default=None):
         ''' Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). '''
         return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         return tonat(self.environ[self._ekey(key)], 'latin1')
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
         raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
 
     def __delitem__(self, key):
         raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for key in self.environ:
             if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
                 yield key[5:].replace('_', '-').title()
             elif key in self.cgikeys:
                 yield key.replace('_', '-').title()
 
     def keys(self): return [x for x in self]
     def __len__(self): return len(self.keys())
     def __contains__(self, key): return self._ekey(key) in self.environ
 
 
 class ConfigDict(dict):
     ''' A dict-subclass with some extras: You can access keys like attributes.
         Uppercase attributes create new ConfigDicts and act as name-spaces.
         Other missing attributes return None. Calling a ConfigDict updates its
         values and returns itself.
 
         >>> cfg = ConfigDict()
         >>> cfg.Namespace.value = 5
         >>> cfg.OtherNamespace(a=1, b=2)
         >>> cfg
         {'Namespace': {'value': 5}, 'OtherNamespace': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}}
     '''
 
     def __getattr__(self, key):
         if key not in self and key[0].isupper():
             self[key] = ConfigDict()
         return self.get(key)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if hasattr(dict, key):
             raise AttributeError('Read-only attribute.')
         if key in self and self[key] and isinstance(self[key], ConfigDict):
             raise AttributeError('Non-empty namespace attribute.')
         self[key] = value
 
     def __delattr__(self, key):
         if key in self: del self[key]
 
     def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
         for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).items(): setattr(self, key, value)
         return self
 
 
 class AppStack(list):
     """ A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """
 
     def __call__(self):
         """ Return the current default application. """
         return self[-1]
 
     def push(self, value=None):
         """ Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
         if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
             value = Bottle()
         self.append(value)
         return value
 
 
 class WSGIFileWrapper(object):
 
     def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024*64):
         self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
         for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines', 'tell', 'seek'):
             if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))
 
     def __iter__(self):
         buff, read = self.buffer_size, self.read
         while True:
             part = read(buff)
             if not part: return
             yield part
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Application Helper ###########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error: Application stopped.'):
     """ Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
     raise HTTPError(code, text)
 
 
 def redirect(url, code=None):
     """ Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
         the HTTP protocol version. """
     if code is None:
         code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
     location = urljoin(request.url, url)
     raise HTTPResponse("", status=code, header=dict(Location=location))
 
 
 def _file_iter_range(fp, offset, bytes, maxread=1024*1024):
     ''' Yield chunks from a range in a file. No chunk is bigger than maxread.'''
     fp.seek(offset)
     while bytes > 0:
         part = fp.read(min(bytes, maxread))
         if not part: break
         bytes -= len(part)
         yield part
 
 
 def static_file(filename, root, mimetype='auto', download=False):
     """ Open a file in a safe way and return :exc:`HTTPResponse` with status
         code 200, 305, 401 or 404. Set Content-Type, Content-Encoding,
         Content-Length and Last-Modified header. Obey If-Modified-Since header
         and HEAD requests.
     """
     root = os.path.abspath(root) + os.sep
     filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
     header = dict()
 
     if not filename.startswith(root):
         return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
     if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
         return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
     if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
         return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")
 
     if mimetype == 'auto':
         mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
         if mimetype: header['Content-Type'] = mimetype
         if encoding: header['Content-Encoding'] = encoding
     elif mimetype:
         header['Content-Type'] = mimetype
 
     if download:
         download = os.path.basename(filename if download == True else download)
         header['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download
 
     stats = os.stat(filename)
     header['Content-Length'] = clen = stats.st_size
     lm = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(stats.st_mtime))
     header['Last-Modified'] = lm
 
     ims = request.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
     if ims:
         ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
     if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
         header['Date'] = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime())
         return HTTPResponse(status=304, header=header)
 
     body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')
 
     header["Accept-Ranges"] = "bytes"
     ranges = request.environ.get('HTTP_RANGE')
     if 'HTTP_RANGE' in request.environ:
         ranges = list(parse_range_header(request.environ['HTTP_RANGE'], clen))
         if not ranges:
             return HTTPError(416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable")
         offset, end = ranges[0]
         header["Content-Range"] = "bytes %d-%d/%d" % (offset, end-1, clen)
         header["Content-Length"] = str(end-offset)
         if body: body = _file_iter_range(body, offset, end-offset)
         return HTTPResponse(body, header=header, status=206)
     return HTTPResponse(body, header=header)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 def debug(mode=True):
     """ Change the debug level.
     There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
     global DEBUG
     DEBUG = bool(mode)
 
 
 def parse_date(ims):
     """ Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
     try:
         ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
         return time.mktime(ts[:8] + (0,)) - (ts[9] or 0) - time.timezone
     except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
         return None
 
 
 def parse_auth(header):
     """ Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
     try:
         method, data = header.split(None, 1)
         if method.lower() == 'basic':
             user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':',1)
             return user, pwd
     except (KeyError, ValueError):
         return None
 
 def parse_range_header(header, maxlen=0):
     ''' Yield (start, end) ranges parsed from a HTTP Range header. Skip
         unsatisfiable ranges. The end index is non-inclusive.'''
     if not header or header[:6] != 'bytes=': return
     ranges = [r.split('-', 1) for r in header[6:].split(',') if '-' in r]
     for start, end in ranges:
         try:
             if not start:  # bytes=-100    -> last 100 bytes
                 start, end = max(0, maxlen-int(end)), maxlen
             elif not end:  # bytes=100-    -> all but the first 99 bytes
                 start, end = int(start), maxlen
             else:          # bytes=100-200 -> bytes 100-200 (inclusive)
                 start, end = int(start), min(int(end)+1, maxlen)
             if 0 <= start < end <= maxlen:
                 yield start, end
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
 def _lscmp(a, b):
     ''' Compares two strings in a cryptographically save way:
         Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. '''
     return not sum(0 if x==y else 1 for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)
 
 
 def cookie_encode(data, key):
     ''' Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string '''
     msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
     sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())
     return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg
 
 
 def cookie_decode(data, key):
     ''' Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None.'''
     data = tob(data)
     if cookie_is_encoded(data):
         sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1)
         if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())):
             return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
     return None
 
 
 def cookie_is_encoded(data):
     ''' Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie.'''
     return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data)
 
 
 def html_escape(string):
     ''' Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. '''
     return string.replace('&','&amp;').replace('<','&lt;').replace('>','&gt;')\
                  .replace('"','&quot;').replace("'",'&#039;')
 
 
 def html_quote(string):
     ''' Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute.'''
     return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n','%#10;')\
                     .replace('\r','&#13;').replace('\t','&#9;')
 
 
 def yieldroutes(func):
     """ Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
     of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
     takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::
 
         a()         -> '/a'
         b(x, y)     -> '/b/:x/:y'
         c(x, y=5)   -> '/c/:x' and '/c/:x/:y'
         d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/:x' and '/d/:x/:y'
     """
     import inspect # Expensive module. Only import if necessary.
     path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__','/').lstrip('/')
     spec = inspect.getargspec(func)
     argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or [])
     path += ('/:%s' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc])
     yield path
     for arg in spec[0][argc:]:
         path += '/:%s' % arg
         yield path
 
 
 def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
     ''' Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.
 
         :return: The modified paths.
         :param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
         :param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
         :param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
           change the shift direction. (default: 1)
     '''
     if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
     pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
     scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
     if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
     if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
     if shift > 0 and shift <= len(pathlist):
         moved = pathlist[:shift]
         scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
         pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
     elif shift < 0 and shift >= -len(scriptlist):
         moved = scriptlist[shift:]
         pathlist = moved + pathlist
         scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
     else:
         empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
         raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
     new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
     new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
     if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
     return new_script_name, new_path_info
 
 
 def validate(**vkargs):
     """
     Validates and manipulates keyword arguments by user defined callables.
     Handles ValueError and missing arguments by raising HTTPError(403).
     """
     depr('Use route wildcard filters instead.')
     def decorator(func):
         @functools.wraps(func)
         def wrapper(*args, **kargs):
             for key, value in vkargs.items():
                 if key not in kargs:
                     abort(403, 'Missing parameter: %s' % key)
                 try:
                     kargs[key] = value(kargs[key])
                 except ValueError:
                     abort(403, 'Wrong parameter format for: %s' % key)
             return func(*args, **kargs)
         return wrapper
     return decorator
 
 
 def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
     ''' Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
         TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. '''
     def decorator(func):
       def wrapper(*a, **ka):
         user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
         if user is None or not check(user, password):
           response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm
           return HTTPError(401, text)
         return func(*a, **ka)
       return wrapper
     return decorator
 
 
 # Shortcuts for common Bottle methods.
 # They all refer to the current default application.
 
 def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
     ''' Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. '''
     @functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
     def wrapper(*a, **ka):
         return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
     return wrapper
 
 route     = make_default_app_wrapper('route')
 get       = make_default_app_wrapper('get')
 post      = make_default_app_wrapper('post')
 put       = make_default_app_wrapper('put')
 delete    = make_default_app_wrapper('delete')
 error     = make_default_app_wrapper('error')
 mount     = make_default_app_wrapper('mount')
 hook      = make_default_app_wrapper('hook')
 install   = make_default_app_wrapper('install')
 uninstall = make_default_app_wrapper('uninstall')
 url       = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Server Adapter ###############################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class ServerAdapter(object):
     quiet = False
     def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **config):
         self.options = config
         self.host = host
         self.port = int(port)
 
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         pass
 
     def __repr__(self):
         args = ', '.join(['%s=%s'%(k,repr(v)) for k, v in self.options.items()])
         return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
 
 
 class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
     quiet = True
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
         def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
             environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
             return handler(environ, start_response)
         CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)
 
 
 class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         import flup.server.fcgi
         self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
         flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()
 
 
 class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, WSGIRequestHandler
         if self.quiet:
             class QuietHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
                 def log_request(*args, **kw): pass
             self.options['handler_class'] = QuietHandler
         srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, handler, **self.options)
         srv.serve_forever()
 
 
 class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         from cherrypy import wsgiserver
         server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer((self.host, self.port), handler)
         try:
             server.start()
         finally:
             server.stop()
 
 
 class WaitressServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler):
         from waitress import serve
         serve(handler, host=self.host, port=self.port)
 
 
 class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         from paste import httpserver
         if not self.quiet:
             from paste.translogger import TransLogger
             handler = TransLogger(handler)
         httpserver.serve(handler, host=self.host, port=str(self.port),
                          **self.options)
 
 
 class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
     def run(self, handler):
         from meinheld import server
         server.listen((self.host, self.port))
         server.run(handler)
 
 
 class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
         from fapws import base, config
         port = self.port
         if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
             # fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
             port = str(port)
         evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
         # fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
         if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
             _stderr("WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3.\n")
             _stderr("         (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)\n")
         evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
         def app(environ, start_response):
             environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
             return handler(environ, start_response)
         evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
         evwsgi.run()
 
 
 class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
     def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
         import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
         container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
         server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
         server.listen(port=self.port)
         tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
 
 
 class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Adapter for Google App Engine. """
     quiet = True
     def run(self, handler):
         from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
         # A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
         # Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
         module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
         if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
             module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
         util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
 
 
 class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. """
     def run(self, handler):
         from twisted.web import server, wsgi
         from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
         from twisted.internet import reactor
         thread_pool = ThreadPool()
         thread_pool.start()
         reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
         factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
         reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
         reactor.run()
 
 
 class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. """
     def run(self, handler):
         from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
         app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
         app.run()
 
 
 class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. Options:
 
         * `monkey` (default: True) fixes the stdlib to use greenthreads.
         * `fast` (default: False) uses libevent's http server, but has some
           issues: No streaming, no pipelining, no SSL.
     """
     def run(self, handler):
         from gevent import wsgi as wsgi_fast, pywsgi, monkey, local
         if self.options.get('monkey', True):
             if not threading.local is local.local: monkey.patch_all()
         wsgi = wsgi_fast if self.options.get('fast') else pywsgi
         wsgi.WSGIServer((self.host, self.port), handler).serve_forever()
 
 
 class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
     def run(self, handler):
         from gunicorn.app.base import Application
 
         config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, int(self.port))}
         config.update(self.options)
 
         class GunicornApplication(Application):
             def init(self, parser, opts, args):
                 return config
 
             def load(self):
                 return handler
 
         GunicornApplication().run()
 
 
 class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested """
     def run(self, handler):
         from eventlet import wsgi, listen
         try:
             wsgi.server(listen((self.host, self.port)), handler,
                         log_output=(not self.quiet))
         except TypeError:
             # Fallback, if we have old version of eventlet
             wsgi.server(listen((self.host, self.port)), handler)
 
 
 class RocketServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. """
     def run(self, handler):
         from rocket import Rocket
         server = Rocket((self.host, self.port), 'wsgi', { 'wsgi_app' : handler })
         server.start()
 
 
 class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
     def run(self, handler):
         from bjoern import run
         run(handler, self.host, self.port)
 
 
 class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
     """ Untested. """
     adapters = [WaitressServer, PasteServer, TwistedServer, CherryPyServer, WSGIRefServer]
     def run(self, handler):
         for sa in self.adapters:
             try:
                 return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
             except ImportError:
                 pass
 
 server_names = {
     'cgi': CGIServer,
     'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
     'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
     'waitress': WaitressServer,
     'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
     'paste': PasteServer,
     'fapws3': FapwsServer,
     'tornado': TornadoServer,
     'gae': AppEngineServer,
     'twisted': TwistedServer,
     'diesel': DieselServer,
     'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
     'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
     'eventlet': EventletServer,
     'gevent': GeventServer,
     'rocket': RocketServer,
     'bjoern' : BjoernServer,
     'auto': AutoServer,
 }
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Application Control ##########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 def load(target, **namespace):
     """ Import a module or fetch an object from a module.
 
         * ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
         * ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
         * ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.
 
         The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
         expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
         local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
     """
     module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
     if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
     if not target: return sys.modules[module]
     if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
     package_name = module.split('.')[0]
     namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
     return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)
 
 
 def load_app(target):
     """ Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
         does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
         application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
     global NORUN; NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
     try:
         tmp = default_app.push() # Create a new "default application"
         rv = load(target) # Import the target module
         return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
     finally:
         default_app.remove(tmp) # Remove the temporary added default application
         NORUN = nr_old
 
 _debug = debug
 def run(app=None, server='wsgiref', host='127.0.0.1', port=8080,
         interval=1, reloader=False, quiet=False, plugins=None,
         debug=False, **kargs):
     """ Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
 
         :param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
                :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
         :param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
                for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
                (default: `wsgiref`)
         :param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
                all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
         :param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
                privileges. (default: 8080)
         :param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
         :param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
         :param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
         :param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
      """
     if NORUN: return
     if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
         try:
             lockfile = None
             fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
             os.close(fd) # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it
             while os.path.exists(lockfile):
                 args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
                 environ = os.environ.copy()
                 environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
                 environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
                 p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
                 while p.poll() is None: # Busy wait...
                     os.utime(lockfile, None) # I am alive!
                     time.sleep(interval)
                 if p.poll() != 3:
                     if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile)
                     sys.exit(p.poll())
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
         finally:
             if os.path.exists(lockfile):
                 os.unlink(lockfile)
         return
 
     try:
         _debug(debug)
         app = app or default_app()
         if isinstance(app, basestring):
             app = load_app(app)
         if not callable(app):
             raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)
 
         for plugin in plugins or []:
             app.install(plugin)
 
         if server in server_names:
             server = server_names.get(server)
         if isinstance(server, basestring):
             server = load(server)
         if isinstance(server, type):
             server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
         if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
             raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)
 
         server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
         if not server.quiet:
             _stderr("Bottle v%s server starting up (using %s)...\n" % (__version__, repr(server)))
             _stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/\n" % (server.host, server.port))
             _stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n\n")
 
         if reloader:
             lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
             bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
             with bgcheck:
                 server.run(app)
             if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
                 sys.exit(3)
         else:
             server.run(app)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     except (SystemExit, MemoryError):
         raise
     except:
         if not reloader: raise
         if not getattr(server, 'quiet', quiet):
             print_exc()
         time.sleep(interval)
         sys.exit(3)
 
 
 
 class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
     ''' Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
         the lockfile gets deleted or gets to old. '''
 
     def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
         self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
         #: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
         self.status = None
 
     def run(self):
         exists = os.path.exists
         mtime = lambda path: os.stat(path).st_mtime
         files = dict()
 
         for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
             path = getattr(module, '__file__', '')
             if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
             if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)
 
         while not self.status:
             if not exists(self.lockfile)\
             or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
                 self.status = 'error'
                 thread.interrupt_main()
             for path, lmtime in list(files.items()):
                 if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
                     self.status = 'reload'
                     thread.interrupt_main()
                     break
             time.sleep(self.interval)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         self.start()
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         if not self.status: self.status = 'exit' # silent exit
         self.join()
         return exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Template Adapters ############################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 class TemplateError(HTTPError):
     def __init__(self, message):
         HTTPError.__init__(self, 500, message)
 
 
 class BaseTemplate(object):
     """ Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
     extensions = ['tpl','html','thtml','stpl']
     settings = {} #used in prepare()
     defaults = {} #used in render()
 
     def __init__(self, source=None, name=None, lookup=[], encoding='utf8', **settings):
         """ Create a new template.
         If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
         is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
         self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
         The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
         variables.
         The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
         The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
         The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
         """
         self.name = name
         self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
         self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
         self.lookup = [os.path.abspath(x) for x in lookup]
         self.encoding = encoding
         self.settings = self.settings.copy() # Copy from class variable
         self.settings.update(settings) # Apply
         if not self.source and self.name:
             self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
             if not self.filename:
                 raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
         if not self.source and not self.filename:
             raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
         self.prepare(**self.settings)
 
     @classmethod
     def search(cls, name, lookup=[]):
         """ Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
         First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
         if os.path.isfile(name): return name
         for spath in lookup:
             fname = os.path.join(spath, name)
             if os.path.isfile(fname):
                 return fname
             for ext in cls.extensions:
                 if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
                     return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)
 
     @classmethod
     def global_config(cls, key, *args):
         ''' This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. '''
         if args:
             cls.settings = cls.settings.copy() # Make settings local to class
             cls.settings[key] = args[0]
         else:
             return cls.settings[key]
 
     def prepare(self, **options):
         """ Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
         It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
         update settings.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """ Render the template with the specified local variables and return
         a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
         must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
         Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (*args)
         or directly, as keywords (**kwargs).
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
     def prepare(self, **options):
         from mako.template import Template
         from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
         options.update({'input_encoding':self.encoding})
         options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
         lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
         if self.source:
             self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
         else:
             self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name, filename=self.filename, lookup=lookup, **options)
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
         _defaults.update(kwargs)
         return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
 
 
 class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
     def prepare(self, **options):
         from Cheetah.Template import Template
         self.context = threading.local()
         self.context.vars = {}
         options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
         if self.source:
             self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
         else:
             self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
         self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
         out = str(self.tpl)
         self.context.vars.clear()
         return out
 
 
 class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
     def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, **kwargs):
         from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
         if 'prefix' in kwargs: # TODO: to be removed after a while
             raise RuntimeError('The keyword argument `prefix` has been removed. '
                 'Use the full jinja2 environment name line_statement_prefix instead.')
         self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
         if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
         if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
         if self.source:
             self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
         else:
             self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.filename)
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         _defaults = self.defaults.copy()
         _defaults.update(kwargs)
         return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
 
     def loader(self, name):
         fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
         if not fname: return
         with open(fname, "rb") as f:
             return f.read().decode(self.encoding)
 
 
 class SimpleTALTemplate(BaseTemplate):
     ''' Deprecated, do not use. '''
     def prepare(self, **options):
         depr('The SimpleTAL template handler is deprecated'\
              ' and will be removed in 0.12')
         from simpletal import simpleTAL
         if self.source:
             self.tpl = simpleTAL.compileHTMLTemplate(self.source)
         else:
             with open(self.filename, 'rb') as fp:
                 self.tpl = simpleTAL.compileHTMLTemplate(tonat(fp.read()))
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         from simpletal import simpleTALES
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         context = simpleTALES.Context()
         for k,v in self.defaults.items():
             context.addGlobal(k, v)
         for k,v in kwargs.items():
             context.addGlobal(k, v)
         output = StringIO()
         self.tpl.expand(context, output)
         return output.getvalue()
 
 
 class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):
     blocks = ('if', 'elif', 'else', 'try', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'while',
               'with', 'def', 'class')
     dedent_blocks = ('elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally')
 
     @lazy_attribute
     def re_pytokens(cls):
         ''' This matches comments and all kinds of quoted strings but does
             NOT match comments (#...) within quoted strings. (trust me) '''
         return re.compile(r'''
             (''(?!')|""(?!")|'{6}|"{6}    # Empty strings (all 4 types)
              |'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?'          # Single quotes (')
              |"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?"          # Double quotes (")
              |'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3}  # Triple-quoted strings (')
              |"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3}  # Triple-quoted strings (")
              |\#.*                        # Comments
             )''', re.VERBOSE)
 
     def prepare(self, escape_func=html_escape, noescape=False, **kwargs):
         self.cache = {}
         enc = self.encoding
         self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
         self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
         if noescape:
             self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str
 
     @classmethod
     def split_comment(cls, code):
         """ Removes comments (#...) from python code. """
         if '#' not in code: return code
         #: Remove comments only (leave quoted strings as they are)
         subf = lambda m: '' if m.group(0)[0]=='#' else m.group(0)
         return re.sub(cls.re_pytokens, subf, code)
 
     @cached_property
     def co(self):
         return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')
 
     @cached_property
     def code(self):
         stack = [] # Current Code indentation
         lineno = 0 # Current line of code
         ptrbuffer = [] # Buffer for printable strings and token tuple instances
         codebuffer = [] # Buffer for generated python code
         multiline = dedent = oneline = False
         template = self.source or open(self.filename, 'rb').read()
 
         def yield_tokens(line):
             for i, part in enumerate(re.split(r'\{\{(.*?)\}\}', line)):
                 if i % 2:
                     if part.startswith('!'): yield 'RAW', part[1:]
                     else: yield 'CMD', part
                 else: yield 'TXT', part
 
         def flush(): # Flush the ptrbuffer
             if not ptrbuffer: return
             cline = ''
             for line in ptrbuffer:
                 for token, value in line:
                     if token == 'TXT': cline += repr(value)
                     elif token == 'RAW': cline += '_str(%s)' % value
                     elif token == 'CMD': cline += '_escape(%s)' % value
                     cline +=  ', '
                 cline = cline[:-2] + '\\\n'
             cline = cline[:-2]
             if cline[:-1].endswith('\\\\\\\\\\n'):
                 cline = cline[:-7] + cline[-1] # 'nobr\\\\\n' --> 'nobr'
             cline = '_printlist([' + cline + '])'
             del ptrbuffer[:] # Do this before calling code() again
             code(cline)
 
         def code(stmt):
             for line in stmt.splitlines():
                 codebuffer.append('  ' * len(stack) + line.strip())
 
         for line in template.splitlines(True):
             lineno += 1
             line = touni(line, self.encoding)
             sline = line.lstrip()
             if lineno <= 2:
                 m = re.match(r"%\s*#.*coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)", sline)
                 if m: self.encoding = m.group(1)
                 if m: line = line.replace('coding','coding (removed)')
             if sline and sline[0] == '%' and sline[:2] != '%%':
                 line = line.split('%',1)[1].lstrip() # Full line following the %
                 cline = self.split_comment(line).strip()
                 cmd = re.split(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9_]', cline)[0]
                 flush() # You are actually reading this? Good luck, it's a mess :)
                 if cmd in self.blocks or multiline:
                     cmd = multiline or cmd
                     dedent = cmd in self.dedent_blocks # "else:"
                     if dedent and not oneline and not multiline:
                         cmd = stack.pop()
                     code(line)
                     oneline = not cline.endswith(':') # "if 1: pass"
                     multiline = cmd if cline.endswith('\\') else False
                     if not oneline and not multiline:
                         stack.append(cmd)
                 elif cmd == 'end' and stack:
                     code('#end(%s) %s' % (stack.pop(), line.strip()[3:]))
                 elif cmd == 'include':
                     p = cline.split(None, 2)[1:]
                     if len(p) == 2:
                         code("_=_include(%s, _stdout, %s)" % (repr(p[0]), p[1]))
                     elif p:
                         code("_=_include(%s, _stdout)" % repr(p[0]))
                     else: # Empty %include -> reverse of %rebase
                         code("_printlist(_base)")
                 elif cmd == 'rebase':
                     p = cline.split(None, 2)[1:]
                     if len(p) == 2:
                         code("globals()['_rebase']=(%s, dict(%s))" % (repr(p[0]), p[1]))
                     elif p:
                         code("globals()['_rebase']=(%s, {})" % repr(p[0]))
                 else:
                     code(line)
             else: # Line starting with text (not '%') or '%%' (escaped)
                 if line.strip().startswith('%%'):
                     line = line.replace('%%', '%', 1)
                 ptrbuffer.append(yield_tokens(line))
         flush()
         return '\n'.join(codebuffer) + '\n'
 
     def subtemplate(self, _name, _stdout, *args, **kwargs):
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         if _name not in self.cache:
             self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup)
         return self.cache[_name].execute(_stdout, kwargs)
 
     def execute(self, _stdout, *args, **kwargs):
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         env = self.defaults.copy()
         env.update({'_stdout': _stdout, '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
                '_include': self.subtemplate, '_str': self._str,
                '_escape': self._escape, 'get': env.get,
                'setdefault': env.setdefault, 'defined': env.__contains__})
         env.update(kwargs)
         eval(self.co, env)
         if '_rebase' in env:
             subtpl, rargs = env['_rebase']
             rargs['_base'] = _stdout[:] #copy stdout
             del _stdout[:] # clear stdout
             return self.subtemplate(subtpl,_stdout,rargs)
         return env
 
     def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """ Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
         for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
         stdout = []
         self.execute(stdout, kwargs)
         return ''.join(stdout)
 
 
 def template(*args, **kwargs):
     '''
     Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
     You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
     Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
     or directly (as keyword arguments).
     '''
     tpl = args[0] if args else None
     template_adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
     if tpl not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
         settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
         lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
         if isinstance(tpl, template_adapter):
             TEMPLATES[tpl] = tpl
             if settings: TEMPLATES[tpl].prepare(**settings)
         elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
             TEMPLATES[tpl] = template_adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
         else:
             TEMPLATES[tpl] = template_adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
     if not TEMPLATES[tpl]:
         abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
     for dictarg in args[1:]: kwargs.update(dictarg)
     return TEMPLATES[tpl].render(kwargs)
 
 mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
 cheetah_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
 jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
 simpletal_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=SimpleTALTemplate)
 
 
 def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
     ''' Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
         The handler can control its behavior like that:
 
           - return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
           - return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
             process the template, but return the handler result as is.
             This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
             for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
     '''
     def decorator(func):
         @functools.wraps(func)
         def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
             result = func(*args, **kwargs)
             if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
                 tplvars = defaults.copy()
                 tplvars.update(result)
                 return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
             return result
         return wrapper
     return decorator
 
 mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
 cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
 jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
 simpletal_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=SimpleTALTemplate)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Constants and Globals ########################################################
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
 TEMPLATES = {}
 DEBUG = False
 NORUN = False # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()
 
 #: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
 HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses
 HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot" # RFC 2324
 HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
 HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
 HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
 HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
 _HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s'%(k,v)) for (k,v) in HTTP_CODES.items())
 
 #: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
 ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
 %try:
     %from bottle import DEBUG, HTTP_CODES, request, touni
     %status_name = HTTP_CODES.get(e.status, 'Unknown').title()
     <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
     <html>
         <head>
             <title>Error {{e.status}}: {{status_name}}</title>
             <style type="text/css">
               html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans;}
               body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
                     padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
               pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
             </style>
         </head>
         <body>
             <h1>Error {{e.status}}: {{status_name}}</h1>
             <p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
                caused an error:</p>
             <pre>{{e.output}}</pre>
             %if DEBUG and e.exception:
               <h2>Exception:</h2>
               <pre>{{repr(e.exception)}}</pre>
             %end
             %if DEBUG and e.traceback:
               <h2>Traceback:</h2>
               <pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
             %end
         </body>
     </html>
 %except ImportError:
     <b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
     the import path.
 %end
 """
 
 #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalRequest`. If accessed from within a 
 #: request callback, this instance always refers to the *current* request
 #: (even on a multithreaded server).
 request = LocalRequest()
 
 #: A thread-safe instance of :class:`LocalResponse`. It is used to change the
 #: HTTP response for the *current* request.
 response = LocalResponse()
 
 #: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
 local = threading.local()
 
 # Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app)
 # BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
 app = default_app = AppStack()
 app.push()
 
 #: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
 #: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
 ext = _ImportRedirect(__name__+'.ext', 'bottle_%s').module
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     opt, args, parser = _cmd_options, _cmd_args, _cmd_parser
     if opt.version:
         _stdout('Bottle %s\n'%__version__)
         sys.exit(0)
     if not args:
         parser.print_help()
         _stderr('\nError: No application specified.\n')
         sys.exit(1)
 
     sys.path.insert(0, '.')
     sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])
 
     host, port = (opt.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
     if ':' in host:
         host, port = host.rsplit(':', 1)
 
     run(args[0], host=host, port=port, server=opt.server,
         reloader=opt.reload, plugins=opt.plugin, debug=opt.debug)
 
 
 
 
 # THE END